Essay on The Importance of Holocaust In the Establishment...

The Importance of Holocaust In the Establishment of Israel The holocaust seems to be a major reason in the establishment of the state of Israel. The state of Israel was created in May 1948; the Jews finally had a homeland of their own. There were a variety of long-term causes such as the Balfour Declaration, Zionist movement and short-term causes such as the holocaust and the influence of the USA. The area, which is now called Israel, was part of Palestine; it was under British mandate at the start of World War One. The holocaust is a term used to define the systematic killing of over 6 million Jews by the Nazi regime from the years 1933 to 1945. It took place in Nazi occupied territories,†¦show more content†¦The McDonald White Paper was a document that set limitations to the number of Jews allowed to immigrate into Palestine. Another cause for the creation of Israel was a promise made by Britain to the Jews, called the Balfour Declaration. However this was not the only promise that Britain made concerning Palestine during this period of time in history. The Balfour declaration stated that if the Jews were to help support Britain during the First World War, Britain would create a homeland in Palestine for the Jews once the war ended. However Britain at the same time also made promises to the Arabs living in the Palestine region that they would give up control over Palestine to the Arabs, and let them govern their own nation-state on the condition that the Arabs revolted and attacked the Turkish Ottoman empire which had aligned itself with Nazi Germany. On top of these agreements Britain also committed itself to a third agreement, these was the Picot/Sykes agreement which stated that Britain and France would divide up Palestine between themselves and disregard the calls to create nation-states for the Je ws or the Arabs. The Balfour agreement put pressure on Britain to carry out their promises. 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Cultural Comparison Free Essays

string(66) " my own heritage and how it contributed to the person I am today\." I have chosen three stories of women growing up in relationship to thtime period in which they lived, their ethnicity,the customs of their countries and how they attempted to handle their life situations. Child f the Americas by Aurora Morales, gives us a view of a woman who is happy with herself and adjusts well to her life. The second is What It’s Like to be a Black Girl by Patricia Smith, a story of transition from childhood to adulthood for a young black girl having problems with both growing up and her place as a black woman in society. We will write a custom essay sample on Cultural Comparison or any similar topic only for you Order Now The third Country Lovers by Nadine Gordimer is the story of growing up in South Africa as a repressed young black woman. Child of the Americas by Aurora Morales, is tribute to her multiple identity. The word diasposa is the perfect description of her heritage. It means the scattering of a people from their ancestral home . She is a descendent of Latin American, Jewish, Aftican and North American heritage and she describes herself as saying she is none of these things outwardly, they are within her (Clugston).. This collage of nationalities forms the theme of this poem. The tone of She clearly knows who she is and is proud of the fact that she is confident. The tone of this poem is upbeat and is developed in this upbeat manner. She is different and likes being different. She realizes her inherited background has a dark side, ghettoes I have never seen citation . Even her use of symbolism,† I speak English with passion: it’s the tongue of my consciousness, a flashing knife blade of cristal, my tool, my craft. Shows pride in who she is. The setting of this story is important. She is a U. S. American who could have been born in any of the other countries of their heritage. This is a story of self discovery and it is obvious she likes what she sees. †¢What it is like to be a black girl in in fact the opposite of Child of the Americas. She is a young black girl, who discovers she is growing up. She talks about being nine and feeling like she al right and too add to this she had the problem of a racially prejudice society. She hopes for something better to come in her life She wishes to be whilte, putting food coloring in her eyes to try to change them and a white mophead on her head over her hair. She wanted to grow into a more accepted form. She used other ways to tell how she wanted to grow into something different, She was having trouble grownng up with issusess that did not include the racial issue.. It is an insiers view into a young black girl’s transition into black woman-hood at a time where both being a black girl and a black woman was not as welcomed It discusses the conflict she has between being a little girl â€Å"jumping double Dutch until your legs pop† and â€Å"growing tall it talks about when she marries and becomes submissive to a ma as women did in her era. In comparison to Child of the Americas, the feeling or tone of the story is in complete opposition to the bouncy, girl, proud of her heritage l I have n ow covered two different heritages, one who is proud of her heritage and it is apparent that she looks forward to her future. The second is of the transition of a woman who is not sure of her future in relationship to her heritage. The third story begins as a mellow story of two young people who grow up together discover each other, but apparently the girl has no future, other than the one in which she is destined to live the rest of her life. The tone of this story becomes dark and hard as the young woman realizes she has no future and no control of her future. The characters and their background are important in each of these three stories. In all three stories, the character and their reaction to their ethnicity in relationship to how they feel about themselves is the key point of each story. Their reactions range from feeling good about themselves, vibrant and alive to feeling that they had a set pattern in life and had to learn to grow up and live it, to feeling as if they are of no importance to anyone at all. The theme of these three stories appears to be intertwined. The reasoning for these themes are not the same, but they are related. They all include learning to live with yourself and your conditions in relationship to your cultural background, your area in which you live , your own internal feelings and the feelings of others toward you. In each story, the situations were handled differently The character in Child of the Americas is adjusted to the fact that she is unique and is proud of herself. The character in Country Lovers has made mistakes in her life, adjusted to limitations in life and is simply trying to live life in the only way she knows how to survive. The theme is What its like to grow up black, has a less apparent theme than the other two. It appears to consider how hard it is to grow up at all, much less during the time period a transition in the place of the people of her heritage in the world. The main theme of these three stories is that we need to be honest with ourselves and live life in the best way we can The tone of each story differs but each added to the individual reading of these tories. The Child of the Americas was an upbeat reading to begin with and was reflected in the tone. It made me think of my own heritage and how it contributed to the person I am today. You read "Cultural Comparison" in category "Papers" The tone of What is like to grow up black had a tone that suggested a little sadness and confusion. The tone made me reflect onmy own chi ldhood. I could empathize with the confusion of childhood. I was growing up in the 1960’s and though my ethnic backround is different, each of us in that era we were both women and had decisions to make about our future. Our character seemed to think her future was marriage. The third character was growing up in South /Africa during a time of race oppression compared to the United States slavery times, so the theme appeared to be quite different from the theme of the first two stories. It used childhood innocence and exploration and added the forbidden dimension of separation of races to form her childhood and rise into adulthood, In conclusion, the tone of each story differed but all three ended with the characters knowing where they belonged in the world. The historical aspect of each story played an important part of each story. Looking at each author’s background their other writings helps us to understand the reasoning behind each story. Our textbook tells us that Nadine Gordimer was born and raised in South Africa and has lived there all her life except for a year spent at college. Her writing reflects her strong opposition to apartheid which oppressed the black population of South Africa for almost fifty years,, ending in 1994, Apartheid was a socioeconomic system that managed to oppress the black population though they were in the majority of South African people. Many of her works talked about patricia smith is a modern poet known for slam poetry. It is said she speaks for the foices of thoe who have not been heard. Her poetry includes stories of mothers of murdered black youths, the undertakers who try to patch up the bodies, the skinheads whose hate twists America in a knotl Born raised and beginning work as a columinist for Chicago Tribune, she transplanted to New England where she became a columnist for the Boston Globe. She told the same stories using the same techniques and gave birth to slam poetry, using real issues and slamming the point home. In this capacity she lost her credibility when it was discovered that many of her stories written in newspapers as facts, were in fact not true stories. It cost her her career, her marriage and the Pulitzer prize. She has recovered from these downfalls and continues to write and perform slam poetry. http://www. english. illinois. edu/maps/poets/s_z/p_smith/p_smith. htm Aurora Morales, author of Child of the Americas was born in Puerto Rico, the child of a Puerto Rican mother and Jewish father. She moved to the United States in 1967 and has proven herself to be a social activist, concerened with issues of third world people, especially women. She uses her Puerto Rican heritage to identify on a global perspective. Her work discusses sesual abuse racial discrimination and such far ranging topicsa as ecology and social justice. She along with many other women of color who are writers in the U. S, stry to stress the importance of female ethnic heritage in relationship to the development of a feminine voice. She authored her first book, her most important and acclaimed one with her mother. It was a common project in which both of them fouond peace and refuge against discrimination and oppression in writing about themes using their Puerto Rican identity, expressing opinions of third world feminism, , womens relationships and self discovery through a past heritage. It was through this writing that Child of the Americas was born. She and her mother feel that diversity is a source of pawe and home is everywhere. At present she and her mother are attempting to tell the history of peurto Rio through womens ancestor’s who have been silenced. It is unusual work, mixing history of oppressed women with medicinal herb remedies. The two women feel tht reliving and opening up old painful wounds of wimen’s mistreatment is a way of cleansing and healing the past. http://www. uhu. es/antonia. dominguez/pricans/aurora_levins_morales. htm The varied backgrounds of these three women come together to make them writers who write about oppressed and downtrodden peoples. Each in their real lives has worked to correct these problems/ The time line of the history of these three authors has also influenced the historical aspecof each piece of work. They were acve in the 1960’s in which lay the most influencial racial issues of modern day. Apathaid oin south Africa was inforced and Apartheid was begun as a result of greed for the diamonds of South Africa. To insure that the smallest amount of people would have the rights, certain laws were enabled. In 1948 laws that were enacted that pertained to every aspect of social life. From the ability for interracial marriage to the instillation of white only jobs. This discrimination included naming people by their color, their parents color. The black, white, or other nationality were the only ones accepted. If one was considered black. He had to carry a pass at all times, that even included his fingerprints. These were the conditions that were in affect during the writing of Country Lovers. http://www. hoover. org/publications/hoover-digest/by-topic/1076 The civil rights movement occurred between 1955 and 1968, /the movement mainly wanted to abolish discrimination toward African Americans. It began in the south where whites were segregated from blacks. These people were treated ruely because of their color and everything from transportation to the use of public drinking fountains was affected. Now famous black Americans such as rosa parks and martin luthor king took up the causedelivering speeches, making people aware of the unjustice There were deaths including Martin Luthor King but eventually the Civil Rights Act was signed by President Johnson in 1964. All of these discrimination acts occurred during the time all three authors were writing, so it is quite logical that their work would be filled with reference to the unjustice off treatment of the black race in their writings. I feel the similarities of these three stories comes within the plot. I feel these stories were written to make people aware of the pastplight of black women and as Aurora Morales has done publicly, keep a record of their heritage of this injustice. The p lot is as simple as helping a woman rise above injustice. To bring these three stories together. Their similarities far outweigh their difference. They were historically written in a time of injustice for the black race. The tone of each story reflects the attitude of each woman in relationship to her race. References Anonymous (2011) http://www.hoover.org/publications/hoover-digest/by-topic/1076 morales (2010) http://www.uhu.es/antonia.dominguez/pricans/aurora_levins_morales.htm Smith P. (2007) http://www.english.illinois.edu/maps/poets/s_z/p_smith/p_smith.htm Anonymous (2009) http://learningzoneclass.com/aoat11/cayco/history.html Anonymous (2001) http://scholar.library.miami.edu/sixties/urbanRiots.php How to cite Cultural Comparison, Papers

MARINO FALIERO Argumentative Essay Example For Students

MARINO FALIERO Argumentative Essay A monologue from the play by Lord Byron NOTE: This monologue is reprinted from Lord Byron: Six Plays. Lord Byron. Los Angeles: Black Box Press, 2007. ANGIOLINA: Sage Benintende, now chief Judge of Venice,I speak to thee in answer to yon Signor.Inform the ribald Steno, that his wordsNeer weighed in mind with Loredanos daughter,Further than to create a moments pityFor such as he is: would that others hadDespised him as I pity! I preferMy honour to a thousand lives, could suchBe multiplied in mine, but would not haveA single life of others lost for thatWhich nothing human can impugn—the senseOf Virtue, looking not to what is calledA good name for reward, but to itself.To me the scorners words were as the windUnto the rock: but as there are—alas!Spirits more sensitive, on which such thingsLight as the Whirlwind on the waters; soulsTo whom Dishonours shadow is a substanceMore terrible than Death, here and hereafter;Men whose vice is to start at Vices scoffing,And who, though proof against all blandishmentsOf pleasure, and all pangs of Pain, are feebleWhen the proud name on which they pinnacledTheir hopes is breathed on, j ealous as the eagleOf her high aiery; let what we nowBehold, and feel, and suffer, be a lessonTo wretches how they tamper in their spleenWith beings of a higher order. InsectsHave made the lion mad ere now; a shaftI the heel oerthrew the bravest of the brave;A wifes Dishonour was the bane of Troy;A wifes Dishonour unkinged Rome for ever;An injured husband brought the Gauls to Clusium,And thence to Rome, which perished for a time;An obscene gesture cost CaligulaHis life, while Earth yet bore his cruelties;A virgins wrong made Spain a Moorish province;And Stenos lie, couched in two worthless lines,Hath decimated Venice, put in perilA Senate which hath stood eight hundred years,Discrowned a Prince, cut off his crownless head,And forged new fetters for a groaning people!Let the poor wretch, like to the courtesanWho fired Persepolis, be proud of this,If it so please him—twere a pride fit for him!But let him not insult the last hours ofHim, who, whateer he now is, was a Hero,By the intrusion of his very prayers;Nothing of good can come from such a source,Nor would we aught with him, nor now, nor ever:We leave him to himself, that lowest depthOf human baseness. Pardon is for men,And not for reptiles—we have none for Steno,And no resentment: things like him must sting,And higher beings suffer; tis the charterOf Life. The man who dies by the adders fangMay have the crawler crushed, but feels no anger:Twas the worms nature; and some men are wormsIn soul, more than the living things of tombs.

One basic assumption of Black-Scholes model Essay Example Essay Example

One basic assumption of Black-Scholes model Essay Example Paper One basic assumption of Black-Scholes model Essay Introduction One basic assumption of Black-Scholes model is that the stock price is log-normally distributed with constant volatility. However, in option market, does this assumption hold? In our paper, we try to show how wrong Black-Scholes is by challenging this assumption and illustrate the difference between Black-Scholes and real world. Method used to exam mispricing problem of Black-Scholes model About Mixlognormal: The probability distribution of the stock price might be made up of a mixture of two lognormal distributions, one for the possibility of an increase in share price and the other one of a decrease. In this way, we can capture the empirical distribution of stock price; its shape must be more accurate and accordingly more likely to be the same as the distribution of the company’s share price in the real world. One basic assumption of Black-Scholes model Essay Body Paragraphs (Precisely, if we can employ more lognormal distributions to obtain the possibility for the movement of share price, we would get better distribution to describe real world.) Therefore, we could simply test the accuracy of Black-Scholes model by comparison. About Data: We chose Six Continents as our target company to do our analysis and made a comparison between its mixlognormal distribution and Black-Scholes lognormal distribution. We chose Feb 19th as the big event date for the company, because there was a takeover bid from the management of Pizza Express on that day. The share price of Six Continents jumped more than 10% on Feb 19th and the trading volume increased more than 200%. The dates before and after the big event date are Feb 18th and Feb 20th respectively. Following this way, the mispricing drawback of Black-Scholes might be detected more easily due to the noise of big event. Interpretation of the results Using the Excel VBA programme, we got the Black- Scholes lognormal distribution and mixlognormal distribution for these two particular days. The lognormal distribution of Black-Scholes is shown in blue and the mixlognormal distribution is shown in pink. Figure 1 Mixlognormal distribution and lognormal distribution for Six Continent options on 18th, Feb 2003. Figure 2 (Figure 1 and 2 are consistent with each other. Both illustrate the option is mispriced by Black-Scholes.) Comparing these two distributions (i.e. figure 1) of the date of Feb 18th, we find that: 1, the mixlognormal distribution has a fatter left tail and thinner right tail than the lognormal distribution (This phenomenon is also supported by empirical evidence when some people analysed the S;P 500 index), and 2. Both sides of the tails in mixlognormal distribution are longer as well. 3. The right tail is longer than the left tail. For the first finding, it means that in the more accurate scenario, the volatility used to price a low strike price option (i.e. a deep-out-of-the-money put or a deep-in-the-money call) is higher than that used to price a high-strike-price-option (i.e. a deep-in -the-money put or a deep-out-of-the-money call). The second finding means that the Black-Scholes lognormal distribution chops some small probability events, but in fact, these small probability events do exist in real world. The explanation of the third finding is that the bid proposal for Six Continent leaked before the announcement date. Investors have taken the probability of takeover into consideration and predict the price will go up. The probability of the share price going up is bigger than the probability of its going down, the right tail is longer. Figure 3 Mixlognormal distribution and lognormal distribution for Six Continent options on 18th, Feb 2003. Figure 4 Comparing the mixlognormal figure with the lognormal one (i.e. figure 3) of the date of Feb 20th, we find that: 1. This relationship of the two distributions is similar to those of the date of Feb 18th. 2. The left tail is still a little bit fatter and the right side a little thinner in the mixlognormal than that of lognormal. 3. The right tail is longer than of the left tail. The interpretations of this figure are the same to the above ones. From the above comparison and analysis, we can find the reason that Black-Scholes model is often shown to misprice out-of -the money and in-the-money options relative to their at-the-money counterparts: the assumption, which states that future stock price have a lognormal distribution and equivalently future returns have a normal distribution (which both results from the assumption of stock prices following a geometric Brownian motion.), is invalid. If this assumption is neglected, the risk neutral probability density does not necessarily fall into the family of lognormal distributions but can be shaped differently. This implies, that lognormal parametric estimation of risk-neutral probabilities leads to wrong result. When we move the two mixlognorma l distributions (i.e. figure 6) together and also the two Black-Scholes distributions (i.e. figure 5) together, it is obvious to find that beside the mean of the share price moving to high level, the volatility shape changes a little. The left tail of figure before the big event dates is much fatter than the left tail of the figure after the big event date. Figure 5 Lognormal distributions of Six Continent options on 18th and 20th of Feb 2003. Figure 6 Mixlognormal distribution of Six Continent options on 18th and 20th of Feb 2003. This is understandable if we accept the explanation for the volatility smile when concerns leverage. It says that as a company’s share price declines in the value, the company’s leverage increases. Thus the equity of the company becomes more risky and its volatility increases. When the company’s share price increases, leverage decreases, then the equity become less risky and its volatility decreases. Since the bid for the Six Continen ts was accepted as favourable news for the shareholders, the share price had a big jump. According to the above explanation, its shares become less risky and thus lower volatility, so the left tail becomes thinner. Conclusion We estimated risk neutral density of equity option prices and compared mixlognormal distribution and lognormal distribution before and after big event. We found that the assumption (stock prices are log-normally distributed) of Black-Scholes does not hold in the real world and this hole can make the options mispriced. Appendix 1: The raw data of lognormal distribution for Six Continent options on 18th, Feb 2003. Trade 18-Feb-03 Maturity 16-Apr-03 r 0 T 0.1561644 F 554.5 sigma 0.4091905 mkt call strikes BS theory Sq Error moneyness weigted sq error 196 360 194.58 2.01 194.5000 0.0103 166.5 390 164.89 2.59 164.5000 0.0157 138 420 135.86 4.57 134.5000 0.034 101.5 460 99.5 3.98 94.5000 0.0421 69 500 67.93 1.14 54.5000 0.0211 38 550 37.88 0.01 4.5000 0.0032 17.5 600 18.77 1.62 45.5000 0.0356 7 650 8.34 1.8 95.5000 0.0188 2.5 700 3.36 0.75 145.5000 0.0051 1 750 1.25 0.06 195.5000 0.0003 0.5 800 0.43 0 245.5000 0 18.53 0.1862 Appendix 2: The raw data of lognormal distribution for Six Continent options on 20th, Feb, 2003. Trade 37672 Maturity 37727 r 0 T 0.15068493 F 615.5 sigma 0.36813434 mkt call strikes BS theory Sq Error moneyness weigted sq error 256.5 360 255.5013903 0.997221354 255.5 0.003903019 227 390 225.5132704 2.210364876 225.5 0.009802062 197 420 195.5835263 2.006397745 195.5 0.010262904 157.5 460 156.0819138 2.010968563 155.5 0.012932274 119.5 500 118.0715084 2.040588233 115.5 0.017667431 76.5 550 75.70383997 0.633870793 65.5 0.009677417 42.5 600 42.91727918 0.174121912 15.5 0.011233672 21 650 21.38061239 0.144865789 34.5 0.004199008 9 700 9.401761762 0.161412513 84.5 0.001910207 3.5 750 3.688784898 0.035639738 134.5 0.000264979 1 800 1.308782808 0.095346823 184.5 0.000516785 0.5 850 0.425705755 0.005519635 234.5 2.35379E-05 10.5163 1797 0.082393295 Appendix 3: The raw data of mixlognormal distribution for Six Continent options on 18th, Feb, 2003. Trade 18-Feb-03 Maturity 16-Apr-03 r 0 T 0.1561644 F 554.5 F1 613.42684 sigm1 0.0050015 F2 545.13413 sigma2 0.4331614 p 0.1371431 Cmarket X Cimplied (Cmarket-Cimplied)^2 Implied sigma by BS 196 360 194.6650299 1.782145105 0.605651935 166.5 390 165.1475618 1.82908915 0.53766516 138 420 136.4577704 2.378472184 0.502173454 101.5 460 100.7421585 0.574323782 0.454991983 69 500 69.60810609 0.369793012 0.424942163 38 550 38.86792249 0.753289445 0.410555737 17.5 600 17.00376787 0.246246324 0.393289282 7 650 6.928636732 0.005092716 0.38547187 2.5 700 2.914632833 0.171920386 0.382378979 1 750 1.14301875 0.020454363 0.394114927 0.5 800 0.422795028 0.005960608 0.417111769 8.136787075 Appendix 4: The raw data of mixlognormal distribution for Six Continent options on 20th, Feb 2003 Trade 20-Feb-03 Maturity 16-Apr-03 r 0 T 0.1506849 F 615.5 F1 631.64945 sigm1 0.005 F2 613.47651 sigm a2 0.3942533 p 0.1113462 Cmarket X Cimplied (Cmarket-Cimplied)^2 Implied sigma by BS 256.5 360 255.5039835 0.992048772 0.684121728 227 390 255.5291768 2.163320768 0.634591317 197 420 195.6487533 1.825867624 0.544725925 157.5 460 156.3364319 1.353890697 0.457835271 119.5 500 118.6654525 0.696469529 0.411053745 76.5 550 76.50974266 9.49E-05 0.380098628 42.5 600 42.7445391 0.059799374 0.363618501 21 650 20.42471433 0.330953606 0.363939585 9 700 9.572591543 0.327861075 0.362150688 3.5 750 4.077689599 0.333725272 0.363395708 1 800 1.597153827 0.356592693 0.351554917 0.5 850 0.581926491 0.00671195 0.376206304 8.447336279 We will write a custom essay sample on One basic assumption of Black-Scholes model Essay Example specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on One basic assumption of Black-Scholes model Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on One basic assumption of Black-Scholes model Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

Sample of Personal Statement Essay Example

Sample of Personal Statement Essay Example Sample of Personal Statement Essay Sample of Personal Statement Essay To Whom It May Concern: Re: Application of Student Visa to study in RMIT University In additional to all my documents provided, I would like to take this opportunity to write a personal statement to clarify the main reasons that drive me to study in Australia. I was born in 1981, the starting period of Chinas economy reform designed and implemented under the leadership of Mr. De Xiaoping. I have witnessed the dramatic changes in the continuous infrastructure construction, observable improvement of living standards, greater enrichment of social life, gradual deregulation of policies and strong growth of local economy. All the positive sides make everybody fond of the market economy, especially my parents, both of who are managers of property development companies. My parents have great influence on me, so when I was young, I start to learn how to keep abreast of the modern society by learning the new knowledge and skills. The world is already heading toward the new economy, although there are still some turmoil in certain fields and period. The explosive information technology changed the world in such quick and significant manners that many economists cant explain well. Meanwhile, China is joining WTO, the economy at this moment is growing at 8% annually, by further eliminating non-tariff barriers and reduce tariff rates, Chinas market will experience huge structural changes and countless opportunities will emerge to make China the hottest spot in the world economy. As a Chinese student, I am living in a new age that China is in shortage of personnel with proficient English skills, overseas education background and capability to merge east and west cultures. By choosing to study in RMIT University in Melbourne Australia, there are a few advantages that I can achieve my goal: Australia is a multicultural country, and RMIT university is a well-known multicultural university. I can learn how to interact within different cultures to improve my interpersonal skills. I also can build up a network that comprises friends from different countries and areas. Australia enjoys vast land, abundant resources, mild weather and well-managed security, it is the best destination to study. Australia has the world class educational systems, and RMIT university is well-know for its practical mission and provident objectives. By learning its IT courses, I can become an IT professional recognised in Australia and China and other places as I will have obtained professional IT skills. Australia has good relationship with China and Australia is also changing its old economy image by actively engaged into cooperation between APEC countries and regions. China is certainly the biggest potential market for Australia. With my multicultual background and Australian experience and skills, when I have completed study in Australia and returns China, I can participate into the development of business cooperation or any other relationship In short, by choosing to study in RMIT University in Australia, I will benefit greatly from the extraordinary experience for building up my professional career, and I will help to build China, my motherland, into a well-managed market economy country. I look forward that my application can be assessed and approved at your earliest convenience! Regards! xxxx

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a disease that destroys nerve cells and causes disability. The nerve cells gradually break down and die. Muscle twitching, weakness in a limb, or slurred speech is how ALS typically starts. It eventually affects the muscles needed to move, speak, and breath.The disease is progressive, and currently there is no cure for ALS. It belongs to a larger group of disorders known as motor neuron diseases, which are caused by gradual deterioration and death of motor neurons. In ALS, both the upper motor neurons and the lower motor neurons degenerate or die, and stop sending messages to the muscles. Most people with ALS die from respiratory failure, usually within 3 to 5 years from when the symptoms first appear. The majority of ALS cases are considered sporadic, which means the disease seems to occur at random with no clearly associated risk factors and no family history of the disease. Whereas around 5 to 10 percent of ALS cases are familial, which means that an individual inherits the disease from his or her parents. Signs and symptoms include: difficulty walking or doing ADLs; tripping and falling; weakness in the leg, feet, or ankles; hand weakness or clumsiness; slurred speech or trouble swallowing; muscle cramps and twitching in the arms, shoulders, and tongue; difficulty holding the head up or keeping good posture. ALS most often begins in the hands, feet, or limbs, and later spreads to other parts of the body. Muscles will progressively weaken as the disease advances. ALS doesn’t typically affect senses, thinking ability, or bowel or bladder control. In some ALS cases the disease is inherited, while the others remain with no known cause. Researchers are also looking into gene mutation, chemical imbalances, disorganized immune responses, and protein mishandling. Research is also being done into cellular defects, stem cells, family versus sporadic ALS, biomarkers, and new treatment options.Various risk factors include heredity, age, sex, and genetics. Environmental factors that may tri gger or affect risk of ALS include smoking, environmental toxin exposure, and military service. Complications that people with ALS may experience include breathing problems, speaking problems, eating problems, and dementia. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis can be hard to diagnose early on because it mimics many other neurological diseases. Tests to rule out other conditions may include electromyogram (EMG), nerve conduction study, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), blood and urine tests, spinal tap, or muscle biopsy. Treatment for ALS can slow the progression of symptoms, prevent complications, and make a person more comfortable. Two medications are currently approved for the treatment of ALS, Riluzole (Rilutek) and Edaravone (Radicava). A doctor may also prescribe medications to provide relief from symptoms including muscle cramps and spasms, spasticity, constipation, fatigue, excessive salivation, excessive phlegm, pain, depression, sleep problems, and uncontrolled outbursts of laughing or crying. Some therapies that people with ALS can do include breathing care, physical therapy, occupational therapy, speech therapy, nutritional support, psychological and social support.

State capitol Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

State capitol - Essay Example it was precisely constructed in the year 1619 and was serving as the Virginia House of Burgesses and since then has been in place in its very own state reflecting its grandeur and poise in terms of the rich American political history that the country enjoys. The formal proceedings and handover of the building which led it to becoming the Capitol took place in 1788 (Spears, 2012, p. 86) under the then Governor Thomas Jefferson who would go on to become the President of United States of America. Through the different phases the building has seen numerous developments and improvements as the field of architecture and developmental works saw progress. Numbers of stories have been added to the building making it more accommodating and larger in its existence through timely modifications and additions. Underground constructions have been established which have enabled accommodating and adjusting more set of individuals and visitors in its parking areas and other surrounding localities. Defined as a model pattern based on the cubic architecture and structural design (Giordano, 2012,p. 130), it is considered novel on the account of political standing, the design so followed and the richness in terms of the architectural richness that it possesses within itself beholding the rich history spanning over more than two decades. Another significant existence of the building is the fact that it has been crafted through the ideas of the French professional craftsman who worked on it and designed it on the request and instructions of the then governor Thomas Jefferson. Owing to its importance in the context of the overall political and American civil life society, the place is a center of attention and a central hub towards the visitors from the various states within United States of America and to those who travel United States of America and have some level of affiliation and interest in

Objectives of Risk Analysis in Financial Market Essay

Objectives of Risk Analysis in Financial Market - Essay Example Every buyer in a financial market is an investor. To maximize the profit, buyers are usually ready to take risk. Risk management is a very important concept in both money and capital market. To manage the risk, investors usually diversify it. Risk in the financial market can be divided into two: Systematic risks and Unsystematic risks. Systematic Risks Systematic risk is defined as â€Å"The risk that tends to affect the entire market similarly†. (Kidwell et al. 2007) It is also known as market risk or nondiversifiable risk. Systematic risk is the risk that cannot be reduced or predicted in any manner. Systematic risks are those risks which nobody can predict. As you cannot foresee it, you cannot reduce it or protect yourself against it. For example, the recent political turmoil in Egypt sent all the share markets in the world downward. All investors lost a lot of sum. This political crisis was unpredictable and no investor was able to protect his investment against this downf all. Most investors are primarily concerned with systematic risk as they can reduce unsystematic risk through diversification. Economists use the term ‘beta’ to show the relationship between a stock’s return and the general market movement. For example, if you assign beta 1 to general market (index) and 2 to a particular share, it means if the market goes up 20%, the share goes up 40% and if the market goes down 10%, the share goes down 20%. It means, this particular share is twice as volatile as the market index. Shares with betas greater than 1 are called aggressive shares as they carry more risk than the market. In addition, they affect the entire portfolio in a greater degree than the market...This paper describes financial market, outlines different types of risks in that market and methods for buyers to reduce the risk. Financial market is a mechanism that enables buyers and sellers to meet their financial requirements. Buyers are the investors who purchase short term or long term financial assets while sellers raise funds for their short term and long term requirements. The globalization made world markets more integrated and provided more opportunities in overseas investments. Based on the instruments dealt in the market, financial market divides into money market and capital market. To maximize the profit, buyers are usually ready to take risk. Money market deals with short term trading (buying and selling) of financial assets which have maturity period of one year or less. Capital market deals with securities (debt or equity) which companies and governments used to raise long term funds. To maximize the profit, buyers are usually ready to take risk. To manage the risk, investors usually diversify it. Risk in the financial market can be divided into two: systematic risks and unsystematic risks. Systematic risk is defined as â€Å"The risk that tends to affect the entire market similarly†. It is also known as market risk or nondiversifiable risk. Systematic risk is the risk that cannot be reduced or predicted in any manner. Most investors are primarily concerned with systematic risk as they can reduce unsystematic risk through diversification. Unsystematic risk is defined as â€Å"The unique or security specific risks that tend partially to offset one another in a portfolio Foreign exchange risk occurs due to changes in exchange rate

Breakfast at Tiffany(TM)s Essay Example for Free

Breakfast at Tiffany(TM)s Essay Breakfast at Tiffanys is a romantic comedy that was released in America in the year 1961. Breakfast at Tiffanys was based on the novella by Truman capote. It introduces a young woman, played by Audrey Hepburn whose profession is a high class males escort, prostitute. When studying the film in more depth, I queried how and why a high class prostitute film could be so popular. In my article I will address and find out how and why the film is still so popular today. The film is a total of 110 minutes in length which is consequently 20 minutes longer than an average romantic comedy of today. The first scene is one of the main reasons why Breakfast at Tiffanys is so popular today. When making a film the opening scene is extremely important and needs to include certain things for the film to be popular and well selling. The opening scene of any film should set the scene and introduce the audience to the surroundings and setting of the film. When we see the character, protagonist, for the first time we are automatically drawn in by her as she is in the foreground and the only thing moving in the scene, our eyes are focused on her. The audience feels connected with her and has an opportunity to be a part of her life. The audience is then introduced to one of the main themes throughout the film of Tiffanys Tiffanys after this film became more popular and some members and shoppers of Tiffanys say that consequently Tiffanys was made by the link of the film and the well known jewellers. As the scene progresses the camera follows her from the side as she walks. Then the camera changes to behind her with the use of an over the shoulder shot to increase the already gained intimacy. The fact that she is an ordinary woman on an average day and she has nothing special makes the audience almost feel they could be her. Another reason why it is still so popular today is that it fits in with the romantic comedy criteria. Every girl or most girls love romantic comedies. The comedy can be identified in many of the scenes. For instance at the part scenes where lots of comedic techniques and ideas are used such as the cigarette burning a womans purple headdress and Holly checking the time on a mans watch consequently pouring a drink on the womans headdress. Also the cat jumping on everybody as they walked through the door. The comedy is basic and not to detailed as to not over power the romantic aspect of the film and this is why the film is still so popular. The soundtrack of the film is based around the song Moon River lyrics by Johnny Mercer, Music by Henry Mancini. The song is a total of 2 minutes 44 seconds and won an Oscar for the best original song. The music can be identified in many of the scenes, if carefully looked for. For instance in the party scene the song Moon River is played in the background but has been edited to create a more up-tempo version. The lyrics of Moon River are totally associated to the life of Holly Golightly. As the actress, Audrey Hepburn was no singer the song was very simple an only sung in one octave which almost makes the performance of the song more believable and the audience can relate to the lyrics more. The soundtrack can still be bought today from amazon and because it is still so widely available that helps the film stay so popular. Due to the advertising of the film, the film was made more popular. The poster that was widely used was the image of Audrey Hepburn on a white background with a border of blue, red and yellow. The poster has many hidden meanings in the images and colours used, for example, the border colours used, when added together, make the background colour of white. The yellow also used could mean wealth and link to jewellery from Tiffanys. Audrey Hepburns name is in capitals and black lettering as the film sold off her name. The picture of the protagonist takes up half of the poster as people aspire to be like her. The title of the film Breakfast at Tiffanys is in a red colour to represent Romance. In the background a shot of the end scene is added to show the setting of the film and to reveal the ending. All these things together make the film still so popular by creating a picture and selection of images which stick in the audiences mind for years to come. This poster can also still be bought in shops and on the internet. On Tuesday 5th December 2006 the Givenchy dress used in the 1961 film, was sold for 1.2 Million dollars which keeps Breakfast at Tiffanys constantly in todays society so the popularity of it is still withheld. Fashion of the 60s is still popular today whether that is because of the film or not, people still dress in 60s clothes and Audrey Hepburn is still kept as an admired icon. The novella that was used to base the film around had a different ending to the film. The ending of the novella resulted in Holly travelling to Brazil and sending Paul a postcard, Holly never wrote to him again. The director made the choice to change the ending for a variety of reasons. The way the novella ended was on a cliff hanger with loose ends which wouldnt make the film popular, so the director of Breakfast at Tiffanys decided to make the ending in to a typical happy, clichà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½d ending that ties up all loose endings as more people prefer happy endings and they stay popular after time. The way the ending of the film now ends is that the audience can walk away from the film feeling happy and uplifted full of aspiration to be like her. Sinse the ending was changed i believe that it has helped the film to be influential to our culture and stay popular after 50 years due to the film still being a part of todays present society. Breakfast at Tiffanys is still so popular today due to the hard work and important techniques used when making the film, the film was created to achieve all the necessary aspects of a romantic comedy which hasnt changed in the last 50 years consequently making the film still a big hit today.

Faulkners Light in August - Point of View :: Light August Essays

Light in August - Point of View    Most of Light in August's story is told by a third-person narrator. In some third-person novels the narrator is omniscient (all-knowing) and objective. In others he takes the point of view of the central character. In Light in August the narrator is often objective, as, for example, when reporting dialogue. But what is unusual about this novel is the way in which the narrator's point of view shifts frequently from one character to another. And even when reporting from the point of view of one character alone, the narrator sometimes stays on the surface of that character's speech and thoughts, while at other times he has access to memories so deep the character himself may not be consciously aware of them.    The difference between this shifting point of view and the point of view of an omniscient narrator is important. For example, you first hear of Joe Christmas from Byron's point of view. Byron seems a sympathetic character, so you tend to accept what he says. Later you see Joe Christmas from his own point of view but without access to his deepest thoughts and feelings. When (in Chapter 6) the narrator finally dives into Joe's buried memories, you get a completely different picture of him. But in Chapter 19 you see his final escape and murder from the point of view of Percy Grimm. One of Faulkner's purposes in this approach is to contrast public images with private realities. The Joe Christmas that the town of Jefferson knows is different from the Joe Christmas seen from within, and Faulkner's shifting point of view keeps you aware of that and other such contrasts.    Occasionally one of Light in August's characters tells his story in the first person, for example, the furniture dealer in Chapter 21.

Discussion Questions

DQ1: Please describe the kinds of evidence that a plaintiff can present in order to establish a negligent act. In a negligence suit, the plaintiff has the burden of proving that the defendant did not act as a reasonable person would have acted under the circumstances. The court will instruct the jury as to the standard of conduct required of the defendant. For example, a defendant sued for negligent driving is judged according to how a reasonable person would have driven in the same circumstances.A plaintiff has a variety of means of proving that a defendant did not act as the hypothetical reasonable person would have acted. The plaintiff can show that the defendant violated a statute designed to protect against the type of injury that occurred to the plaintiff. Also, a plaintiff might introduce expert witnesses, evidence of a customary practice, or circumstantial evidence. DQ2. Research one court case addressing Health Care Law that corresponds to the material in this seminar's read ing and write a 1-2 paragraph summary of the case.Please be sure to include the case name in your reference listing and the source of your information. The case that I chose to write on came from our textbook, but I did some additional research online and found more information on this particular case. The case involves a mother and father who filed a wrongful death suit against their OB/GYN’s for the wrongful death of their unborn son. Initially, the court found in favor of the physicians, but after an appeal process to the U. S. Supreme Court of Appeals, they were granted a judgment in their favor. Tara Reese went to the Fort Worth Osteopathic Medical Center emergency room in her seventh month of pregnancy, complaining of a racing pulse and dizziness. Doctors determined that she had a high pulse rate and high blood pressure and sent her to the labor and delivery room for further observation. On multiple occasions through the course of the evening, doctors monitored the hear t tones of the fetus, which were often difficult to detect. The following morning the doctors confirmed that the fetus would be stillborn.Tara and her husband, Donnie Reese, brought suit against Fort Worth Osteopathic Hospital, Osteopathic Family Medicine Clinics, Craig Smith, D. O. , Roberta Beals, D. O. , Reid Culton, D. O. , and John Chapman, D. O. (health care providers), for negligence, gross negligence, and vicarious liability, seeking damages under the wrongful death and survival statutes and for personal injuries to Tara Reese. The trial court granted summary judgment in favor of all health care providers. The Reeses appealed all claims except that against Dr.Chapman. The court of appeals affirmed the summary judgment disposing of Donnie Reeses individual bystander claim, but reversed the remainder of the summary judgment, remanding the case to the trial court. The health care providers petitioned this Court for review, arguing that the court of appeals incorrectly held that the Reeses could assert wrongful death and survival actions and that Tara Reese could assert her own individual claim. Donnie Reese did not appeal the adverse judgment against his individual claim. (Phillips, 2003) Essentially, this case has a lot of grey area that borders on the hot topic of abortion and whether a fetus is considered alive and entitled to all the rights before it is born. Another issue I found with this case is that you are going to find the same types of cases across the U. S. with different outcomes depending on the state in which the trial was held. References Phillips, T. U. S. Supreme Court of Appeals, the Second District of Texas. (2003). Reese v. fort worth osteopathic hospital inc. (02-1061). Retrieved from THE SUPREME COURT OF TEXAS website: http://www. supreme. courts. state. tx. us/historical

Rock Ideology

Does popular music equate to commercial success? Is mass appeal enough to describe popular music? The answers to these questions may not come in handy. Oftentimes, what are considered to be popular music are the ones that are often played in the radio or promoted through various television shows and programs. Record sales and concert attendance are also important factors in determining (popular music). Yet, if one has to take a closer look, the above-given considerations can be summed up in achieving commercial triumph. However, for experts, there is a thing line that demarcates popular music from those that have emerged victorious from the economy of music making. Through the years, various musical genres have emerged. Their existence can be attributed for several reasons. First, music goes through a series of changes and transformations. Each and every generation of musicians and artists are on a constant experiment on how to create new sounds that can possible exceed the expectations of their predecessors. The other reason stems from the fact that the audience’s musical needs vary from time to time. Like food, music is a media commodity that must be constantly consumed by its specific target market or audience. But the moment wherein the peaks of satiety levels have been already reached, there is a strong tendency for an individual to look or crave for another media commodity that can attend to his or her demands. If music is viewed both as a commodity and a form of expression, then there is no doubt that being popular is also relative to being commercially triumphant. However, this generic notion tends to abolish music’s true meaning, essence, value and social significance. Commercial success, if such will be used as framework for what accounts as popular music stripped off the latter’s intrinsic and intangible characteristics and features. Each musical genre goes through such concerns. Musicians and artists alike are trapped within the norms of creating music for profit and at the same time maintaining their musical integrity and artistry. With regards to categorizing popular music, it is apparent that Rock and Roll often finds itself as the center of argument between music scholars and expert. Many Rock and Roll bands have managed to become commercially efficient, yet some stress that the lack of musical authenticity deprives them from being considered as popular music. On the other hand, it cannot be denied that there are some Rock and Roll bands which have remained popular only to a few selective audiences, their commercial appeal is not highlighted, yet they are often tagged as popular music. This discussion aims to tackle how Rock and Roll struggles to balance its profit-based orientation and at the same time preserve the pure and unadulterated nature of its music. The paper will also deal with rock ideology, its effect on the music’s fan base and youth culture and on the overall nature of Rock and Roll per se. Rockin the Youth Culture Beebe, Fullbrook and Saunders (2002) explained that Rock and Roll and youth culture are interrelated to each other. The two readily share a special relationship. Rock and Roll is the youth and the youth is Rock and Roll. The two seem to find it hard to be separated from each other. For one reason, a number of youth groups are able to relate to the themes perpetuated by Rock and Roll. The music became the youth’s language in articulating their own concerns and issues that cannot be overtly expressed through direct communication or confrontational scenarios. As Epstein (1998) emphasized, rock music played an important role within many youth subcultural groups wherein musical tastes and preferences provide a sense of belongingness and togetherness. Rock and Roll allowed these youngsters to relate and identify themselves to the youth’s basic needs and demands (Epstein, 1998). Gillet (1996) explained that Rock music is able to provide pleasure—the kind of satisfaction that no other musical genres can provide. But of course, this is something that extends beyond entertainment purposes. Through co-optation, as Grossberg (1997) maintains, the intersection of youth culture and Rock and Roll is preserved and sustained. Rock and Roll and Popular Music Kellog (2003) discussed that popular music is a representation or reflection of the cultural facets of society wherein it emanates. He added that the evolution of Rock and Roll is heavily influenced by the post-war era. In a time wherein a nation is trying to recover from war’s damages, the seemingly antagonistic and hostile nature of rock and roll would not really come as a surprise. It is not uncommon for such music to tackle social dilemmas that are experienced by the community. This is most especially felt during the times wherein Rock and Roll is on the process of growth and development. In Latin America for example, rock music functioned for propaganda purposes (Hernandez, L’Hoeste   & Zolov, 2004). Going back, it can be seen that such music is not merely used for entertainment activities. To give pleasure and at the same time take into consideration society’s critical issues transformed rock music into something that is revolutionary in nature. Commercially Popular Sterns (2001) emphasized that Rock and Roll is â€Å"eminently commercial.† The glitter and glamour that is associated with it is a concrete sign of a consumer-oriented music. There is the desire to garner mass appeal which is nonetheless avoided by those individuals that belong to the counter-culture (Sterns, 2001). Placing too much importance on form over substance makes Rock music prone to being a â€Å"consumer item (Sterns, 2001).† However, Hernandez, L’Hoeste and Zolov (2004) mentioned that under the circumstances wherein Rock music strayed from entertainment function, Rock and Roll as popular music has now differentiated itself from music that are commercially produced, this is of course in reference to the Latin American Rock music scene. Rock as popular music in contrast to rock as consumer item can be differentiated into four different ways. The latter’s differences are deeply characterized by its content and social function. First of all, rock as popular music possesses â€Å"intrinsic intent† which is to promote awareness to social and political issues (Hernandez, L’Hoeste & Zolov, 2004). Secondly, it breaks free from â€Å"bodily gratifications, wherein Rock is produced as something worth listening since it embodies the Pan Latin-American dream (Hernandez, L’Hoeste & Zolov, 2004). The lat but definitely not the least is that Rock has revolutionized the term â€Å"popular† wherein it previously refer to music created via the use of indigenous instruments (Hernandez, L’Hoeste & Zolov, 2004). In the meantime, going against commerciality, most especially as for the case of Rock and Roll bands may seem too complicated. This stems from the fact that these musicians earn their bread and butter from this industry. Yet, in as much as musical authenticity and artistry is concerned in popular music, Marshall (2005) explained that popular music must adhere to the canons of music making in the Romantic period. During those times, music creation was focused on maintaining the â€Å"truth† in artist and music’s intention, regardless of whether it would be socially accepted or not by many (Marshall, 2005). Rock Ideology In order to preserve authenticity in rock music, may bands have successfully practiced the so-called rock ideology (Frith, 2007). Rock ideology purports that the music has an exclusive   fan base or community that highlights their individualistic approach and orientations (Frith, 2007). This is in stark contrast to pop icons and celebrities whose popularities are attained through excessive media hype and exaggeration. In other words, rock to maintain its ideology must create music that is not present in other genres and would cater to a specific set of audience. In this aspect, rock and roll is famous but its scope and coverage is far by more limited and narrow. It can be categorized as popular music but only within smaller groups, compared to music that follows a certain kind of formula. Once and for all, rock as popular music is something that cannot be readily digested and appreciated by everybody else. And so through following its ideological threshold, the genre qualifies into the context of popular music—something that is worth listening and packed with cultural and social significance. References Beebe, R.; Fullbrook, D and Saunders, B. (2002) Rock Over the Edge: Transformation in   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Popular Music Culture.   USA: Duke University Press Epstein, J. (1998). Youth Culture: Identity in a Postmodern World. Massachusetts:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Blackwell Publishing Frith, S. (2007). Taking Popular Music Seriously: Selected Essays. Hampshire, England:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Ashgate Publishing Gillett, C. (1996). The Sound of the City: The Rise of Rock and Roll. USA: Da Capo Press Grossberg, L. (1997). Dancing in Spite of Myself: Essays on Popular Culture. USA: Duke   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   University Press Hernandez, D; L’Hoeste, H and Zolov, E. (2004). Rockin’ Las Americas: The Global Politics   Ã‚   of Rock in Latin/o America. Pittsbyurgh, USA: University of Pittsburgh Press Kellog, W. (2003). American History The Easy Way. New York: Barron’s Online Bookstore Marshall, L. (2005). Bootlegging: Romanticism and Copyright in the Music Industry.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   London: Sage Publications Sterns, P (2001). Consumerism in World History: The Global Transformation of Desire. London: Routledge

How to Be a Good College Roommate

How to Be a Good College Roommate Living with a roommate can often seem complicated and overwhelming, especially in college. Between sharing a tiny space with someone you barely know and trying to respect each others very busy lives, your roommate relationship can quickly implode if you arent careful. So just what can you do to be a good roommate amidst everything else you have going on? Fortunately, being a good roommate boils down to a few simple rules. Be Kind Sure, youre both stressed out, have way too much work to do, need to get more sleep, and havent had any privacy since the day school started. No matter how stress/tired/cranky/annoyed you are, however, you still must be kind. Always. Be Respectful Respect comes in all forms in a roommate relationship. Respect your roomies need for space and quiet sometimes. Respect the requests your roommate makes of you, even if you think those requests are silly. Respect your roommates stuff, from their laptop to their milk in the fridge. And respect them as a person. Be a Good Listener Sometimes, your roommate may want to talk to you about something they have going on in their personal life; sometimes, they may want to talk to you about things theyd like changed in the room. And sometimes theyll communicate a million things to you without opening their mouth. Be a good listener to your roommate, paying attention to them when theyre communicating with you and truly hearing what they have to say (even if it is through silence). Be Clear and Communicative Being forthcoming with your own needs is just as important as being a good listener. If something is bothering you, talk about it; if you just want some alone time, say so; if you are feeling overwhelmed and just need to vent to your roommate for a little while, ask if they have a few minutes. Roommates arent mind readers, so its important for you to communicate with your roommate in a genuine, clear, constructive way as often as possible. Be Honest Trying to gloss over little problems will just make them grow until they get humongous and unavoidable. Be honest about what you need as a roommate and ask that your roommate do the same. Additionally, if something happens that will affect your roommate, confess it. Its much better to be honest from the beginning than further corrode a delicate situation. Be Flexible Living with a roommate requires a lot of flexibility. Be honest with yourself about what kinds of things you can compromise and bend a little on. The things that matter most to you might not matter at all to your roommate, and vice versa. You might be surprised by how much you can learn by being flexible and adaptable when needed. Be Generous You dont have to buy your roommate tons of things to be a generous roommate. Generosity comes in all kinds of forms in college. Offer to help in little ways, from adding their towel to your load of laundry to saving a piece of pizza from your own delivery when your roommates up late somewhere else finishing a lab report. A little generosity can go a long way without costing you too much money or effort. Be Firm on Whats Important Although it might feel like youre doing the right thing at the time, you wont be a good roommate if you compromise too much of yourself and what you need. Be firm on whats important to you, no matter how silly you might feel at first. The things that matter most to you are the things that help define who you are; being firm in some areas of your life is healthy and productive. Your roommate ideally will respect your principles, value systems, and unique living preferences once you communicate about what you value most.

Tort reform for the health insurance industry Essay

Tort reform for the health insurance industry - Essay Example Thus it is up to the US government to play a very significant role in bringing such costs under their control, so that it becomes easily affordable for all the citizens in the US. (www.aaos.org) The Tort reform is a law that has been created by the US government, which is aimed at reducing the proceedings of the court. Ever since its introduction the Tort reform in the medical insurance field, it has been a matter of debate for most of the people in the US. The Tort reform has been especially introduced into the healthcare sector, with an idea of looking up into the issues relating to the malpractices, that often occur in the medical field and also the lawsuits that are being filed in this sector. This results in an increase in the cost of the insurance providers. (www.aaos.org) As a result of these hidden factors the parties involved in the insurance coverage, which includes the insured as well as the insurance provider often gets exploited by such undue costs. It is with this aim t hat the US government has brought about the Tort reform, so as to ensure that the interests of both the parties are safeguarded and at the same time justice is meted out to them in the medical field. ... (www.allbusiness.com) Hence due to threat of medical liability reform, the doctors across the US have become very much conscious about their liabilities when treating patients. But though the insurance costs are on the increase in the US and individuals are being made to pay more for their healthcare insurance, still the Tort reform has made it possible for safeguarding the US citizens from getting unduly exploited by the medical professionals and get insurance protection. (www.aaos.org) Areas that require Tort Reform The area that requires a major Tort reform is the agricultural sector in which, the farmers and the families who are involved in agricultural activities are totally exposed to high risks. There have been many cases of fatalities and serious injuries which have made the agricultural community to force the US government to go forward with Tort reforms, which will ensure the safety and the financial help through insurance, in case of accidents during the course of farming. Statistics also point to the fact of the urgent need for Tort reforms in this sector, since the number of accidents and fatalities are ever on the increase in this particular field. (www.aaos.org) Tort reforms are also very much required to bring about reforms to the various industries and the business establishments that are spread across the US. This will ensure a sort of liability of all those involved and will also simultaneously safeguard the various industries and business firms. This will give them more power which will help them to increase their business and also give them a feeling of security as well as confidence. This will make them to do business under a free and fair business atmosphere. Thus the Tort reforms are very much needed in these sectors, since it

Share Trading Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Share Trading Assignment - Essay Example Trading Activities Buying of Shares with the notional ?100,000 888 Holdings PLC (888.L) ?31.25 as at September 30, 2011 11:07 Prev Close: 32.75 Open: 32.25 Bid: 35.50 Ask: 36.00 1y Target Est: 1.05 Beta: N/A Next Earnings Date: N/A Purchase cost ?54,000.00 1,500 shares times the ask price of ?36.00 per share. Stamp Duty ?270.00 ?32,750 times 0.005 (Note: 0.005 = 0.5%) Brokers commission ?10.00 It is ?10.00 whatever the size of the trade. Total ?54,280.00 Shares of 888 Holdings Plc seemed to be very lucrative hence the desire to buy them. What’s more, there has been an increasing trend in the value of shares of 888 Holdings Plc, which made it even more lucrative. Vodafone Group PLC (VOD.L) ?166.25 as at September 30, 2011 Prev Close: 166.25 Open: 167.15 Bid: 168.30 Ask: 168.35 1y Target Est: 199.14 Beta: N/A Next Earnings Date: N/A Purchase cost ?45,454.50 270 shares times the ask price of ?168.35 per share. Stamp Duty ?227.27 ?13,300 times 0.005 (Note: 0.005 = 0.5%) Brokers co mmission ?10.00 It is ?10.00 whatever the size of the trade. Total ?45,691.77 Despite recent drop in the value of shares, Vodafone Plc shares seemed attractive to invest in given the status of the company. The company has grown considerable thus proving that there is possibility of future prospects. What’s more, there were indications that the firm’s share is very attractive in the market hence trading on the shares may be very easy. The total amount invested in the two firms is given by 1,500 shares of 888 Holdings Plc ?54,280.00 270 shares of Vodafone Plc ?45,691.77 Total ?99,971.77 Selling of Shares 888 Holdings PLC (888.L) ?72.00 3.25(4.73%) 11:07 (April 16, 2012) Prev Close: 68.75 Open: 68.25 Bid: 71.50 Ask: 72.00 1y Target Est: 1.05 Beta: N/A Next Earnings Date: N/A Selling Revenue ?107,250.00 1500 shares times the ask price of ?71.50 per share. Brokers commission ?10.00 It is ?10.00 whatever the size of the trade. Total ?107,240.00 Vodafone Group PLC (VOD.L) 71. 54 2.09(1.23%) 11:12AM (April 16, 2012) Prev Close: 169.45 Open: 169.35 Bid: 171.50 Ask: 171.55 1y Target Est: 199.14 Beta: N/A Next Earnings Date: N/A Purchase cost ?46,305.00 270 shares times the ask price of ?171.50 per share. Brokers commission ?10.00 It is ?10.00 whatever the size of the trade. Total ?46,295.00 Total Revenue obtained from selling the shares 1,500 shares of 888 Holdings Plc ?107,240.00 270 shares of Vodafone Plc ?46,295.00 Total ?153,535.00 Percentage Profit from the Trading * 100 = 53.53% FTSE All-Share index is 5,300 on September 31, 2011 and 5,678 on April 16, 2012 at 1400 hours. = 7.13% Therefore, on the basis of the above calculations on Percentage profit and FTSE All-share index, there is no doubt that the trading was able to beat the FTSE All-share index. Critical diary Trading within the stock exchange market is a tricky and challenging aspect of commerce. Every individual involved in investment or trading within the stock exchange market has to be equip ped with adequate and up to date information on the performance of the various stocks or shares within the stock exchange market. One way of attaining such adequate and up to date information is extensive reading and listening to business news. Consequently, before engaging in this trade, I read many articles, journals, listened to and watched much business news. From the articles, journal

Connectionists Modelling in Letter and Words Recognition Essay

Connectionists Modelling in Letter and Words Recognition - Essay Example These simple units can represent neuron and the connections can represent synapse in the neural network. Biological Activism: Neural network of connectionist modeling suggests that the study of mental activity is the study of neural systems. This links connectionism to neuroscience, and models involve varying degrees of biological realism. The biological aspects of natural neural systems are incorporated in connectionist model for better understanding / biological reality. Learning: Learning is an important aspect of connectionist modelling. Many sophisticated learning procedures for neural networks have evolved, modifying the connection weights. Mathematical formulas are used to determine the change in weights when given sets of data consisting of activation vectors for some subset of the neural units. Parallel Distributed Processing: It is a neural network approach emphasizing the parallel nature of neural processing and the distributed nature of neural representations. It provides a general mathematical framework for researchers to operate in. The framework involved eight major aspects: These aspects are now the foundation for almost all connectionist models. It is assumed that all cognitive processes are explained by neural firing and communication. According to this view there is no room for rational thinking or emotion. Discovery of methods for training multilayer networks is the ... 'Activation rule for combining inputs to a unit to determine its new activation'- represented by a function on the current activation and propagation. 'Learning rule for modifying connections based on experience'- represented by a change in the weights based on any number of variables. 'Environment which provides the system with experience'- represented by sets of activation vectors for some subset of the units. These aspects are now the foundation for almost all connectionist models. It is assumed that all cognitive processes are explained by neural firing and communication. According to this view there is no room for rational thinking or emotion. Discovery of methods for training multilayer networks is the major turning point in connectionist modeling. With this discovery, connectionist models not only have the computational power to answer those questions interesting to cognitive science, but also have a method of learning how to answer those questions. Thus, there is an explicit distinction between network architectures and the learning rules used to train them within new connectionism. By understanding the different types of architectures and learning rules, researchers are in a position to choose the appropriate type of network to solve specific problems. For example, if one wanted to solve a pattern recognition problem that was linearly separable, then an integration device network would be appropriate. If the problem was linearly inseparable, however, then the value unit architecture would be more appropriate. Advantages of Connectionist modeling: Connectionist modelling engage in "low level" modeling, trying to ensure that their models resemble neurological structures. Connectionist modelling focus on

Technology, Globalization & Change Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Technology, Globalization & Change - Assignment Example In response to technological revolution, new approaches and tools are developed to counter the emerging challenges. For instance, new concepts of manufacturing are being implored to enable multi production in industries which in turn translates to high productivity.Additional, computer technology and microprocessor integrated into several products enables software differentiation. Computer systems and networks also greatly alter management approach to issues. Business is increasingly getting globalized courtesy of latest communication technologies which overhaul equipment and logistical technology.Morover, technological factors and trends have contributed to a number of factors. Notable among these factors are aspects such as, rapid increase in rates of technology diffusion and change, age of information, intensity in terms of knowledge increase and lastly the sprouting of positive feed back in industries. In summary, development of new mindsets, tools, organizations and concepts hav e now become a prerequisite for every manager. In order to navigate through the new competitive landscape, further research is required to enable managers be at a better position to handle and respond to the new emerging trends. For a company to withstand the various challenges that emanate from the new competitive landscape, the management can put in place a variety of measures to be at par in terms of responding to these challenges. As a manager, I would recommend to the board of directors to adopt the following measures. Firstly and as recommended by Bettis and Michael, the staff should be able to develop a new mindset on how to approach business. This can be made possible when the company initiate extensive programs and also through invitation of resource persons. Extensive programs enable staff members to learn more about the emerging challenges and the likely remedies that can be adopted to counter the various challenges. On the other hand, Invitation of resource persons that are professionals in respective fields of technology such as software and e-marketing may also enlighten staff members about contemporary trends. New tools should also be developed to enable the company counter the challenges brought about by technology. This can be done through introduction and embracing technological systems such as within a company’s communication department and logistical departments. New concepts should also be embraced to replace the old ones. For example, slower methods of communication can be replaced with more effective and efficient ones. New technological aspects such as tele- conferencing should be adopted by a company if possible. This is because such a concept is not only convenient but also saves time too. As suggested by Grubler, Bettis and Michael, I would recommend to the Board of Directors to embrace research as an essential component of the companies objectives. For example, how technology can be used to meet customers satisfaction and inc rease efficiency in terms of timely and effective service delivery. Research would also enable the company to establish what is still relevant and what has been by passed by season in terms of technology brought about by the new competitive landscape. For instance, a telecommunication company should inject more funds on mobile phone research other than land line because it is contemporary and convenient to

The Laser Communication System

The Laser Communication System This report is apprehensive with Optical communication in which the source of light is a laser and whose beam is modified for video, voice or data communication over the wide range of bandwidths, typically 1 GHZ or more. Since when the laser is invented, it has attracted the communication engineers because it is the revolutionary source of electromagnetic radiation. There are basically two principal reasons for this attraction. First, optical carrier frequencies are about ten thousand times higher than those available in the microwave part of the spectrum. If we can develop techniques for achieving even modest modulation percentage bandwidths, the information handling capacity can be increased at a great deal. The second reason relates to the narrow beam width that can be obtained from a laser. This means that power can be efficiently transmitted to distant points [1]. In this report I have prepared a Laser communication system in which we are transmitting our voice across the room with help of the Laser. We have described how the system is made i.e. complete description about the design of transmitter and complete description about the receiver. We also have tested the system and its working successfully. The components used for the project were very cheap and easily available (like transformer, led, solar cell, laser, microphone jacks, mic, amplifier, battery holder and batteries). This is in fact the best method to make a Cheapest Laser communication system. Basics about Lasers and optical fibers are described as both were important to know. The advantages and disadvantages of both laser communication system and optical fibers are discussed in this report. To make an optical communication system we must require sources of light. The properties of the two mostly used sources of lights i.e. LASER (Light Amplification by the Stimulated Emission of Radiation) and LED (Light Emitting Diodes) is also been discussed in a tabular form. By using this table we can identify which source to use at what time. There are also some challenges faced by the laser communication system and optical fibers, these are discussed and solution to some of them is also given. It is also been told that what will be the business benefits, when we will find the solution of those problems. This report is all about the short range communication but also can be used for long communication systems. Chapter 1: Literature review 1.1 Laser LASER is a short form of Light Amplification by the Stimulated Emission of Radiation. The theory of laser is that an atom in excited state encounters a photon of same energy that is equal to the gap energy between the excited and ground states of the atom. When this type of photon is encountered, then another photon is emitted which is of the same energy. The research in Lasers slowly continued and increased the scope area. There were different types of improvements in laser structure and design which enhanced the lifetime of the lasers, beam width was focused, improved continuity of output, regulated and short pulse duration, etc. Henceforth Transportations became largest areas in which lasers were thought to have application. Increasing telephone use, electronic transmission, relaying of television signals, and the need for communication in space all contributed to the emphasis placed on laser technology toward communications[2]. The major attraction to lasers for communications purpose is the fact that the quantity of data or information that an EM wave can carry is proportional to its frequency. One more interesting thing about Optical light is its frequencies; the optical frequencies are 109 times greater than the radio waves and also105 times greater than microwaves. Communication technology was growing day by day and Lasers were emerging as the ideal solution for this complex problem. There were huge amount of technical complications in using lasers for the communications, and it took many years of hard work and invention of other technologies which made laser communication practical. The first invention was the discovery by Charles Kao and George Hockham in 1970 that glass fibers could transmit laser light [2]. The working principle of the Laser communication system is very similar to fiber optic links, but the difference is that the beam is transmitted through free space. While the transmitter and receiver must require line-of-sight conditions, this is the only so called constraint of the laser communication system. As any barrier between the transmitter and receiver can cause the data loss but they have the benefit of eliminating the need for buried cables and broadcasting rights. Laser communications systems can be easily deployed since they are cheap, small, low power and do not require any radio interference stuff to revision. The carrier used for the transmission signal is generated by a laser diode. Two parallel beams are required, one for transmission and one for reception. But the system which is to be implemented in this project is only one way. Laser communications have been a very attractive topic lately, because it has given the solutions for how to satisfy ever increasing bandwidth needs which are in high demand. Some have suggested that bandwidth could be distributed in neighborhoods by putting laser communication systems on top of homes and pointing them towards a common transceiver with a fast link to the Internet [2]. With possible transmit speeds of up to a gigabit per second, this is an exciting area. 1.2 Optical fiber Before starting with the laser communication system we must also be familiar with optical fiber communications i.e. the communications with the help of glass fibers because laser communications is a part of optical communications somewhere, as laser communication can be done with and without optical fiber and laser is also a source of light in optical communication with LED (Light emitting diode) [3,9]. This thinking of optical communications with the help of the glass fiber was generated at the time of Alexander Graham Bell [4]. Yet it took many years for its practical implementations as better quality of glass and low cost electronic equipment was invented quite a while after that. In 1960s the development of the optical communication was started with the invention of the new devices and fibers and which is going on till now. The most interesting thing happened in 1980s. During these 10 years the public communication networks were developed for the optical communications and it became the most dominant technology. There were 3 major milestones in all the developments and they were following: [4] In late 1950s LASER was invented In 1970s low loss optical fiber was developed. In 1980s amplifier for the optical fiber was invented. The use of the optical communication technology blowout like a fire. And the coaxial copper wire, which were used in early times, were replaced by the optical fibers and a new era of technology emerged called as optical communications technology. The two technologies electronics communications and optical communications are very much closely related to each other but the principle of operation in both the technologies is different. There is a misconception in the people about optical communication that the light travels in the optical fiber as the current or electricity travels in wires. This is not true, because in optical communication systems light is an electromagnetic wave and optical fiber is a waveguide. Also the connection between the wires i.e. in the electronic communications is very easy as compared to the optical fibers. In optical communications we require connectors to join two optical fibers [3,4]. 1.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of optical fiber Now we should discuss some advantages and disadvantages of optical fibers over copper wire: 1.3.1 Advantages of optical fibers Data secrecy i.e. security of the data Data Truthfulness i.e. very low loss of data Long distance communications is possible without involving repeaters, amplifiers and boosters. Large amount of data can be communicated. Optical fibers are insusceptible to EM interference, but not immune to the alpha and the beta energies. These optical fibers are not unsafe to use them near the high voltage devices and an area where the earths potential is different because they have High electrical resistance. The power necessities of the optical fibers are low as compared to the wires. The optical fibers are very light in weight, so they are easy to carry. The speed of the transmitting is very high 1.3.2 Disadvantages of optical fibers The initial cost and the preservation cost of the optical fiber is quite high as compared to the wires To connect two optical fibers we need connectors and splices which are costly and more difficult to operate than wires. Optical fibers dont have ability to transmit electrical power for the operation of terminal devices Extra care is to be taken while handling the optical fibers, as they are very sensitive to physical shocks. 1.4 Sources of light in Optical communication system There are two main sources of the light in Optical communication systems and they are namely [3] LED Light Emitting Diode LASER- Light Amplification by the Stimulated Emission of Radiation It totally depends upon the certain factors like application, cost, performance, stability, power and cost, to use which type of source for the system. LED is generally used when them system power requirements is low. As LED make system small in size, reduces its cost, reduces the complexity of the system and also stable with temperature. LASER is used where the power requirement of the signal is high because if we use LED in high power requirements then the cost of the system will go high. Also in LASER the transmission rate is high, can do long distance communication and more reliable. The table on the next page compares properties of LED and LASER [3]. S. No. Features LASER LED 1. Power 100 mW 40 mW (max) 2. Light source Coherent Incoherent 3. Temperature Dependence High Low 4. Interference Self-interference No self-interference 5. Lifetime Long but lees than LED Long 6. Modulation speed Can be 1 GHz and faster 100 Hz 30 MHz (max) 7. Beam divergence Narrow Wide 8. Bandwidth req. Less than 1 nanometer 40 100 nanometers 9. Noise at receiver Low High 10. System cost Low for high power vice versa Low for low power high for high power 11. Reliability High Low 12 Accuracy High Low 13 Efficiency High Low 14. Use Long short distance communications Short-distance Communication 15. Signal damage Low High Table 1 According to this above table we can choose our source of light. In this technical report, we develop a basic Laser communication model which is used for long or short distance communications. Sometimes for the long n short Laser communication systems we use optical fibers and some times we do not use, totally depends upon the system [5]. Actions can be taken to increase the capability of the system i.e. to boost the data rate with low noise. This all is discussed in this report. Chapter 2: Review from the key paper The key paper I took for this topic is not actually a paper but a page on the internet called Light and Optics made by Simon Quellen Field [6]. It is equivalent to my key paper because the work done on this paper is very much similar to my project area. 2.1 Summary of the key paper 2.1.1 Project Objective The objective of this project is to make an optical communication system in which the source of light is a laser and which can transmit the signal from one point to another without using any cables wires etc. I am interested in this laser communication system because in this system the loss of data and the probability of erroneous are very low and It can also transmit the data at the great speed. This project only deals with the short distance communication [3]. 2.1.2 Project Description Fig. 1 Laser Communication System Figure 1 Laser communication system The system shown in the figure can send data at very high rate. The system illustrated above is set up to send voice data. The microphone input is fed to the transmitter, where the signal is modulated and then transmitted in free space with the help of a laser. The Laser output is according to the format of the result produced by the transmitter section i.e. varying intensities of light. On the receiver side, the signal is read by a photo transistor which converts the light signal to the electrical signal and then it is applied to a speaker. the basic principle is Amplitude modulation an in this case amplitude is intensity of light. This is the basic principle of the Laser communication system. 2.2 Experimental approach of the research [6]: Now we are going to discuss about the technique by which a laser communication system can be made. This method is the simplest method to make a laser communication system. Also this is the cheapest one. For the transmitter we will need A laser pen pointer. A battery holder which can contain equal number of batteries as the laser pointer is having. The size of the batteries may vary, but they should be of the same voltage as the laser batteries. Generally we have a battery holder which contains two batteries, but in this project we need at least three cells. So we can use one battery holder which holds two batteries n one battery holder which holds one battery, and a wire to connect them in series. A transformer as an audio output transformer having an 8 ohm coil and a 1000 ohm coil. A microphone and an amplifier or speaker. Some clip leads normally connecting wires with crocodile clips to connect every component. One clip lead must be the type with a long point, to get connected to the inner part of the laser pointer. The soldering procedure and simple wires can be used for this but the leads are fast, reliable and simple. At last we require a 2 lead bi-color light emitting diode (LED), to protect the damage done to the laser from high voltage spikes. For the receiver we will need: A small solar cell or a light sensitive diode i.e. photodiode having clips to attach simply or if clips are not possible then use soldering procedure. A microphone jack which fits into the audio amplifier or speaker by which we will get our audio output 2.2.1 Transmitter The clip lead is connected to the inner part of the laser where battery is touched. Now we have two clips to attach, to the laser and we do it in a normal way. Usually one of the clip is attached to the small spring which is in the lasers battery area and the second clip lead is usually attached to the case of the laser. Since there are various different types of laser pointers, we may have to do different type of settings with the placement of the clip lead for the proper working of the laser with the new external battery pack. There may arise some situations when we have to hold the lasers push button switch with help of a rubber band or any wire around it. The connection is tested before a transformer is attached to it. It done to make sure that the laser is working with the new battery pack or not. During the testing if the laser doesnt light, then the problem may be with the direction of the battery, the battery is reversed and tested again. This reversal of the battery will not damage the laser. As said before the transformer has two sides. One is 1000ohm and second is 8 ohm. The laser and battery is connected to the 1000ohm side. There are three wires which are coming out of the 1000ohm side of the transformer. We only use the outer two wires to connect the laser and the battery and the middle wire is not used in this circuit and is called a center tap wire. One end of the laser (clip lead used) is connected to the first wire of the 1000ohm side of transformer and the other end is connected to the batterys positive end. The negative end of the battery is connected to the second third wire of the 1000ohm side of transformer and the second one is left open. The bicolor light emitting diode (LED) is also connected to the two outer wires i.e. wire one and wire three of the transformer on the 1000ohm side. This part or LED is used as a protector of the laser which protects the laser from the high voltage spikes. As high voltages go to the LED and low voltages required for the laser go to laser. The laser is tested by attaching the battery. The laser must operate at this time. Now the connection to the 8 ohm side of transformer is made. The earphone jack is connected to that side of transformer. The schematic diagram of the transmitter looks like this: Figure 2 Transmitter for Laser communication system This is how it works. The work of the transformer here is to modulate the power which going to the laser. The signal which comes from the mike is added to and subtracted from the battery power accordingly to the situation, and the intensity of the laser is brightened or it is dimmed correspondingly with the amplitude of the voice in the signal. 2.2.2 Receiver The simplest part of laser communication system is its receiver. We just have to make the connection between the microphone jack and the solar cell. The two ends of the microphone jack are attached to the terminals of the solar cell. It hardly matters in which way the connection is made to it. The schematic of the receiver: Figure 3 Receiver for Laser communication system 2.2.3 Setup and testing We need to take care of two things at first. The mic should be off and laser should be on. Then we need to plug the jack of the transmitter into the opening of the mic. Now the solar cell is connected to the audio amplifier or speaker and the volume is increased till we are able to listen distortion and mocking noise when ever laser light falls on it. When we are able to listen that, then we decrease the volume till the noise is negligible. Now the next step is to aim the laser to fall on the solar cell. The laser is aimed to it and we can listen some noise in form of pop or click. Now if we move the laser beam over the solar cell from one end to another to it, then we will be able to listen these clicks till the laser falls on the solar panel and disappears when laser is not hitting the solar panel. If this all is happening, then everything is right till now [6]. Now the mic is switched on very watchfully and gradually the volume of mic is adjusted and something is said in the mic. The volume of mic is adjusted so that we can listen our voice coming out of the amplifier or speaker which is in the other corner of the room. If we are not able to listen our voice coming out of the amplifier, then we must check the laser, that the laser is hitting on the solar panel or not. If it is not hitting then we must adjust it to hit the panel, only then we can listen our voice. Now after doing all this adjustment, just increase the volume of amplifier or speaker instead of increasing the volume of mic, to listen your voice across the room. But precautions must be taken during the increase of the volume as if increased then a limit, will damage the laser. Now it is time to do some testing, just break the connection between the laser and the solar panel i.e. to put some obstruction in between, we will notice that the when the obstruction is inserted the amplifier does not produce any sound. Now move this obstruction back and forth or up and down such that connection is made and then broken at regular intervals, we will notice that our voice is chopped by the obstruction as it moves back and forth [6]. The basic principle behind the Laser communication system is Amplitude modulation. The amplitude of the carrier signal is modulated. In simple words, in this case the intensity of the light is varied along the time. Now what happens in transmitter is that when the sound is transferred through mic it travels through transformer which modulates the signal. Then the modulated signal is added and subtracted from the battery power. Then the signal produced goes to the laser and produces a laser beam of the varying intensities i.e. electric signal is converted to the light signal. This varying intensity beam hits the solar panel across the room, whose work is to convert this light signal to the electric signal and which goes to the audio amplifier to produce sound. Now it is interesting that how this speaker produces sound. This is very simple; speaker is just a paper cone which is attached to the coil of wire, which is in magnetic field due to a powerful permanent magnet. Now when electric current flows through the coil, it makes coil an electromagnet which moves away and towards the permanent magnet, which disturbs the air in paper cone, if it is moving away then it will compress the air at back and expand the air at front. These waves produced from compression and expansion is heard by our ears. This is how a Laser communication system is made [6]. On critically evaluating the key paper against the objectives which the author had set, the out come is that he is completely able to satisfy the aim of the project. By doing the procedures told in the project we can transmit signal from one end to another with the help of LASER. This project is cheap and very much informative too. Chapter 3: Evaluation and Outcomes If whole assessment of the data or information present in this research is done, then the conclusion is that researchers finding are justified. As by following the methodology or procedures of the researcher we are successfully transmitting data from one end to another with the help of the Laser by using cheap and simple components. In this experiment we can transmit data in form of voice from one end to another by the use of Laser wirelessly. The conclusions and the predictions made by the researcher are totally justified and also the methods used are completely working. This is an experimental procedure which tells that it is possible to transfer data from one point to another point with the help of the Laser. The outcome of the detailed research is positive. And following are the points which will tell us about the advantages of Laser communication systems [7]. 3.1 Enormous Bandwidths If we have used optical fibers in the system, then the data holding capability of the system is increased at a great rate. As this data holding capacity is directly proportional to the frequency of signal. 3.2 Low transmission loss As the signal is directly transmitted to the other end, and if no obstruction is in between the light, then the transmission loss is very low. 3.3 Invulnerable to noise The laser communication system using optical fibers are immune to noise and cross talks. And the systems which does not use the optical fibers are also immune to noise up to a limit, as there is very less transmission 3.4 High data rate The data rate in the Laser communication system is very high 3.5 Electrical Isolation Laser and optical fibers both are not affected by the electrical shocks. So both of them can operate near high voltage devices 3.6 Small size and weight The size and weight of both Laser and optical fibers is very small. So they are easy to handle. They occupy very less space as compared to the electrical equipments. Due to these rewards it makes it possible to use in aircrafts and satellites more successfully. 3.7 Signal security This point has two different point of views, if in system we are using optical fiber. Then our system is 100 percent secure as optical fibers do not radiate any power. Whereas if we are not using optical fibers then our information is not secured 3.8 Cheap and good availability Since Lasers and optical fibers both are available easily. And they are cheap also, which makes a efficient and cheap communication system. 3.9 Reliability There is less attenuation of the signal, so the integrity of the signal is saved. Therefore it makes the system more reliable. Some more advantages are [8] No difficulty in deployment High Data rate Bit error rate is very low Process can be fully duplex Protocol simplicity Fresnel zone is not important The Laser communication system using optical fiber is more preferred because using this method laser can be traveled to very far distances and also without any losses. The optical fibers can be connected using the connectors and splices. By using these, light can be made to move across the curvature of earth. Eventually we cant move light in circular path or cant be bent along the corners. But with the use of these connectors the light made to move like that without losses [10]. Chapter 4: Personal Recommendation for Further Investigation The recommendations for the further investigation will conclude some challenges faced by the Laser communication systems for the long distance. These challenges must be encountered to have a very good communication system [3, 4]. 4.1 Challenges in laser communication system Some of the major challenges are: Physical barriers This is one of the major challenges faced by Laser communication system. As whenever any obstructions comes in between the laser then the connection is broken immediately and we lose our data. Beam scattering During the long distance communications in Laser communication systems we face a problem called beam dispersion. That means after traveling a long distance the laser beam starts dispersing, which reduces the reliability of the systems. But if we use optical fibers then this dispersion can be ruled out. Fog, Snow, Rain and Smog or Pollution These are some of the elements which reduce the efficiency of the laser communication systems. They do not provide great deal of attenuation to the signal but still it hampers the signal. Circumstantial light and Shadowing The effectiveness of the system is also reduced when there is a background light source to the laser as the light from that source is also received by the receiver which create errors in the signal Atmospheric captivation Some part of the light signal is absorbed by the atmosphere. Due to which the signal is not completely attainted by the receiver. Scintillation All the laser communication systems are affected by the scintillation at the great deal in clear sunny days. But there are also some methods by which it can be controlled like tuned receivers, tuned filters, equally spaced transmitters and all. Pointing stability This is also an important factor in the Laser communication systems. To avoid this we may widen the beam divergence so that receiver still remains in contact. Security Security is the most important challenge to be faced by the Laser communication system. We have got the models for laser communication systems but the information is not secured. It can be theft by anyone easily. That is a different case if we are using optical fibers but in system in which we do not use these fibers are very much in secure and this is an important issue. 4.2 Challenges in optical fibers The optical fibers are very costly. Optical fibers are delicate and can be easily broken. Optical fibers are affected by the chemicals. There opaqueness is also a problem. To operate and work on the optical fiber we need a specialist and skilled person. All of the above points fall in the area of further investigation. Some of them are done and some are still there to be investigated. These areas are very important and we need to investigate in these areas because today the communication industry is a backbone of every industry without communication industry no industry can survive. 4.3 Business benefits On taking the business perspective of the improvements in these area will lead to the better communications at low cost, low loss of the signals, better performance, negligible time delay, better security, less complex systems, will increase the reliability of the communications, more and more application areas (such as medical, lighting and many more) Chapter 5: Personal Development Plan 5.1 Personal Description I am Gibbran Jamil. Currently I am pursuing my Masters of Science (MSc.) in Mobile and Satellite Communications from London Metropolitan University, London. I have done my Bachelors of Science in Computer Enigineering in Pakistan. From starting of my technical career I had a great interest in all this communication systems. I always was curious to know about communication systems, how they work, how they are made, how they transfer data, how link is made, how can two persons talk or share stuff on wires or how we can talk to each other without having any physical connection and all that. So I decided to go for my MSc. in Mobile and Satellite communications. I am doing this MSc. course because at present I am not that good in the technical stuff, so I want to improve my knowledge and grow technically and personally in this field. I want to work in the area, where I can improve the efficiency of the communication system. I either can work for a company or can work alone, but the basic idea is to reduce all the limitations in the communication system. There are many things in any communication system to be improved; like noise can be further reduced, received power from satellite can be increased, accuracy of the data can be increased, security of communication system can be increased, cost can be more reduced and many more things like that. Definitely first, I will go for one particular task and then move forward. I hope I am on the right path and I also hope after completing my Masters I will be having good technical and practical knowledge because right now I am concentrating on my all the modules and trying to grasp as many things as possible and my tutors are helping at a great deal in that. Still there is never an end for learning, i